What is the Definition of a Composite Material

Loosely defined, a composite is a combination of two or more different materials that results in a superior (often stronger) product. Humans have been creating composites for thousands of years to build everything from simple shelters to elaborate electronic devices. While the first composites were made from natural materials like mud and straw, todays composites are created in a lab from synthetic substances. Regardless of their origin, composites are what have made life as we know it possible. A Brief History Archaeologists say humans have been using composites for at least 5,000 to 6,000 years. In ancient Egypt, bricks made from mud and straw to encase and reinforce wooden structures such as forts and monuments. In parts of Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, indigenous cultures build structures from wattle (planks or strips of wood) and daub (a composite of mud or clay, straw, gravel, lime, hay, and other substances). Another advanced civilization, the Mongols, were also pioneers in the use of composites. Beginning around 1200 A.D., they began building reinforced bows out of wood, bone, and natural adhesive, wrapped with birch bark. These were far more powerful and accurate than simple wooden bows, helping Genghis Khans Mongolian Empire to spread across Asia. The modern era of composites began in the 20th century with the invention of early plastics such as Bakelite and vinyl as well as engineered wood products like plywood. Another crucial composite, Fiberglas, was invented in 1935. It was far stronger than earlier composites, could be molded and shaped, and was extremely lightweight and durable.   World War II hastened the invention of still more petroleum-derived composite materials, many of which are still in use today, including polyester. The 1960s saw the introduction of even more sophisticated composites, such as Kevlar and carbon fiber.   Modern Composite Materials Today,  the use of composites has evolved to commonly incorporate a structural fiber and a plastic, this is known as Fiber Reinforced Plastics or FRP for short. Like straw, the fiber provides the structure and strength of the composite, while a plastic polymer holds the fiber together. Common types of fibers used in FRP composites include: FiberglassCarbon fiberAramid fiberBoron fiberBasalt fiberNatural fiber (wood, flax, hemp, etc.) In the case of fiberglass, hundreds of thousands of tiny glass fibers are compiled together and held rigidly in place by a plastic polymer resin. Common plastic resins used in composites include: EpoxyVinyl EsterPolyesterPolyurethanePolypropylene Common Uses and Benefits The most common example of a composite is concrete. In this use, structural steel rebar provides the strength and stiffness to the concrete, while the cured cement holds the rebar stationary. Rebar alone would flex too much and cement alone would crack easily. However, when combined to form a composite, an extremely rigid material is created. The composite material most commonly associated with the term composite is Fiber Reinforced Plastics. This type of composite is used extensively throughout our daily lives. Common everyday uses of fiber reinforced plastic composites include: AircraftBoats and marineSporting equipment (golf shafts, tennis rackets, surfboards, hockey sticks, etc.)Automotive componentsWind turbine bladesBody armorBuilding materialsWater pipesBridgesTool handlesLadder rails Modern composite materials have a number of advantages over other materials such as steel. Perhaps most importantly, composites are much lighter in weight. They also resist corrosion, are flexible and dent-resistant. This, in turn, means they require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan than traditional materials. Composite materials make cars lighter and therefore more fuel efficient, make body armor more resistant to bullets and make turbine blades that can withstand the stress of high wind speeds. Sources BBC News staff. Kevlar Inventor Stephanie Kwolek Dies. BBC.com. 21 June 2014.Department of Energy staff. Top 9 Things You Didn’t Know about Carbon Fiber. Energy.gov. 29 March 2013.Royal Society of Chemistry staff. Composite Materials. RSC.org.Wilford, John Noble. Restoring a Mud-Brick Tribute to a Departed Egyptian King. NYTimes.com. 10 January 2007.

Benefits of health promotion - 1122 Words

Benefits of health promotion Wytoshery Williams Grand Canyon University Family centered health promotion December 22, 2013 BENEFITS OF HEALTH PROMOTION A Healthy lifestyle is promoted by being educated in prevention methods and strategies. How is health promotion define and what is its purpose? The nursing roles, responsibilities and implementation methods for health promotion will be addressed, finally, a comparison of the health promotion levels. Health promotion is defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. (World health organization, n.d) Health promotion helps prevent diseases, premature death and disability. It is voluntary which result in†¦show more content†¦The second level of health promotion which is identified and treat non symptomatic individuals who have already developed risk factors or pre-clinical diseases but the condition is present. In the article â€Å"Health coaching to improve Hypertension treatment in a low-income, minority population†, Participations received a community based health promotion program in which the goal of the program i s to provide information on hypertension and high cholesterol and educated on problem solving and skills to improve self-efficacy. Multiple strategies to promote the development and self-efficacy information were given on DVDs about hypertension and high cholesterol. Self-care booklets, group support (counseling and exercising) and telephone follow-up were also included. The results after a six months study showed an increase in patient motivation and health behavior. There was a decrease in HDL level and blood pressure. Patients found it much easier to deal with hypertension and cholesterol by using the self-care skills. Because of the community based program there was an increase in confidence in each patient that participated an identifying the secondary prevention behavioral interventions were successful in this community study. The tertiary level of heal promotion involves care of the current diseases and restoring to the highest function while minimizing the negative effects o f the present disease as well to preventShow MoreRelatedEarly Life As A Social Determinant Of Health1503 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1: The definition of early life as a social determinant of health given by Rumbold and Dickson-Swift is â€Å"A good start in life means supporting mothers and young children.† (Rumbold Dickson-Swift, 2012, p. 180). Early life describes the period from prenatal development to eight years of age, and is a time of remarkable brain growth and development, this period establishes the foundations for subsequent development and learning (Siddiqi, Irwin, Hertzman, 2007). As this period is consideredRead MoreWhat Are The Methods Of Health Promotion And Wellness?737 Words   |  3 PagesMethods for marketing: My strategy for marketing can be started on facebook, we can create a public page that discusses the healthcare promotion and wellness to the whole people generally and seniors particularly. We can send an invitation to our friends. We should ask our friends to add more seniors to this page to increase their awareness about health promotion and wellness. The second way of marketing is Pamphlets: this method includes some simple sentences and simple shapes about our programRead MoreApplication Of Nursing Theory For Evidence Based Practice Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagestypes of issues, a potential solution can be the application of the nursing theory, Health Promotion, for parents and caregivers of children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). 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The focus of patient care has been transferred from treating the illness to disease prevention (Mchugh, Robinson, Chesters, 2010). The implementation of consultation, education, and follow up exams can increase the overall quality of life for an individual (Kemppainen et al., 2012). I will discuss the various roles of a nurse in health promotionRead MoreThe Conceptual Framework of the Health Promotion Model1038 Words   |  4 Pageswork for the present study was developed from the Health Promotion Model. The health promotion model was proposed by Nola J Pender – PhD, RN, FAAN – a well known former professor of nursing at the University of Michigan (1982, revised in 1996). This model was designed as a complementary counterpart to the models of health protection. The model defines health as a positive dynamic state of health and not mer ely the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed towards increasing a client’s level

Literature review on efficient markets Essay Example For Students

Literature review on efficient markets Essay This article is mainly does a thorough review of the efficient market from 1960 to now. This article tries to discuss efficient market historically and theoretically. In the historical part, mainly introduce the theory development by timeline. And in the theoretical part, review the model of efficient market, and discuss some empirical research on the CAPM. The third part is maily about different ideas on efficient market, some criticism show up when the economy developing and the market becoming more and more mutual while there are also more and more problems revealed. And then comes to the conclusion. The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is one of the corner stone of modern financial economics. An efficient market is one in which securities prices reflect all available information. This means that every security traded in the market is correctly valued given the available information. The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) tests the assumption that stock markets reflect the available information in the stock prices. A market is said to be efficient with respect to an information set if the price fully reflects that information set (Fama,1970), i. e. if the price would be unaffected by revealing the information set to all market participants (Malkiel, 1992). The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) asserts that financial markets are efficient. A market that incorporates available information into its prices is known to be efficient. The EMH also suggests that in efficient markets there is little or no scope for arbitrage opportunities as the market quickly adjusts to new information (Vasicek and McQuown 1972, pp. 71-84). This theory started with the largely unknown work of Louis Bachelier (A french mathematician). However, at first there is not much attention has been allocated for this proposition until 1964 an American Economist, Samuleson proposed it again in his dissertation, with several controversies in his adoption. In 1965 Eugene Fama published his dissertation arguing for the random walk hypothesis. And then in 1970, Fama do several studies to prove the idea that could not reject the significant power of this theory. Jensen (1978) also believes that There is no other theory with as much economical background as the Efficient Market hypothesis. Some studies depicts the market as an intelligent agent with an invisible hand (similar to the concept of Adam Smith) that is able to correct the speculative movements in price processes as described in Poterba and Summers (1988). This article will do a literature review on the efficient market hypothesis both historically and theoretically. And with the development of economy and study going further and further, there are different voices appear. Some critical point will also be discussed in this article.